Embedded systems course in Hyderabad

o Features of C
o History
o Structure of C Program.
o Keywords, Identifiers, Variables and Constants

o Primitive Data Types.
o Aggregated Data Types.

o Binary Operators
o Unary Operators
o Ternary Operators
o Special Operators
o Order of evaluation.

o Role of Functions
o Passing arguments to functions
o Returning values from functions
o Recursive Functions
o Callback functions
o Implications on Stack
o Pass by value/reference

o Defining, initializing and using arrays
o Multi Dimensional arrays
o Arrays of Characters and Strings
o Arrays and pointers
o Passing arrays to functions
o String handling and its library functions

• Scope and lifetime of a variable
• Internal
• External/Global
• Automatic
• Static
• Register
• Volatile

o Usage of Structures
o Declaration, initialization and accessing
o Nested Structures
o Array of structures
o Allocation of memory and holes
o Unions

o AND (&), OR (|), XOR (^)
o Compliment (~)
o Left-shift (<<), Right-shift (>>)
o Masking, Setting and Testing of Bit/Bits

o The purpose of pointers
o Defining pointers
o The & and * operators
o Pointer assignment
o Pointers with functions
o Pointer to Pointer
o Pointers to Arrays
o Arrays of Pointers
o Void Pointers
o Call By value and Call by reference
o Advanced pointer types
o Pointers to functions
o Pointers and Strings
o Pointers and Dynamic memory

• o Allocation (Malloc, Calloc, Realloc)
• o De-Allocation(Free)

o Implementation of printf()
o Implementation of scanf()

o Introduction
o Linked Lists
o Stacks & Queues
o Stacks Using Arrays
o Stacks Using Linked List
o Queues using Arrays
o Queues using Linked List.
o Circular Queues
o Single Linked List
o Circular Linked List
o Double Linked List
o Infix, Prefix and Postfix Expressions
o Trees
o Binary Trees
o Binary Search Trees
o Graphs
o Hashing

• Insertion sort
• Selection sort
• Bubble sort
• Merge sort
• Quick sort
• Heap sort
• Linear search
• Binary Search

o Concept of a FILE data type
o File Input, Output operations
o Sequential Files
o Random Access Files

o fopen,fread,fwrite,fclose,fseek
o Relationship between file descriptor
o and FILE pointer
o Character at a time I/O
o Line at a time I/O
o Formatted I/O

o In Ascii format
o In Binary format
o Modifying a structure in the file

o Vi editor
o GCC compiler
▪ Four Stages of GCC
● Functionality of Preprocessor
● Functionality of Compiler
● Functionality of Assembler
● Functionality of Linker
▪ Interrupting the Compiler
▪ Compiling a C Program
▪ Preprocessor Features
▪ Predefined Preprocessor Symbols

▪ Warnings and Extensions
▪ Optimization
o GDB debugger
o Archive Utility
o Make Utility
o Object File format
o Executable File Format

Learning of operating system concepts will help you in understanding Desktop, Embedded & Real-time
Operating Systems easily in less time.
● Introduction
● Processes
● Threads
● CPU Scheduling
● Process Synchronization
● Deadlocks
● Memory management
● Virtual Memory.
● File management & Disk management

Linux is used in almost all system domains (Networking/Telecom) and also most of the RTOS are very
similar to Linux.

So learning of Linux programming will help you in understanding and work easily in system domain as
well as in embedded systems.

o Library Goals
o Library Standards
o GNU C Library – glibc
o Library Functions vs. System Calls
o Using System Calls
o Handling Errors with errno
o Making Sense of errno
o Using strace

o Program Startup
o Using argc/argv
o Handling Options with getopt()
o Handling Options with getopt_long()
o Environment
o Manipulating the Environment
o Program Exit
o Registering Exit Handlers

o Why Use Libraries?
o Static Versus Shared
o Static Library Benefits
o Shared Library Benefits
o Creating a Static Library
o Using Static Libraries
o Creating a Shared Library
o Using Shared Libraries
o Shared Library Management
o Library Locations

o ldconfig

o When Does Time Begin?
o Time Data Types
o Determining Real Time
o Converting time_t
o Converting tm Structure
o Process Time
o Time arithmetic
o Second Resolution Timers
o Fine-Grained Timers
o Real Time Clock (RTC)

o What a Process Is
o Process Relationships
o Create a Child Process
o Doing Something Else
o Related execve() Functions
o Wait For a Child
o More Precise Waiting
o Changing Priority/Nice
o Real Time Priority

o Allocating/Freeing Memory
o Memory Alignment
o Locked Memory
o Memory Copy/Initialization
o Memory Comparison/Search

o What Is My Program Doing?
o Source Level Debugging
o Invoking gdb

o Getting Started with gdb
o Examining and Changing Memory
o Debuginfo Libraries
o Using gdb with a Running Process
o Using gdb to Autopsy a Crash
o Debugging Libraries – ElectricFence
o Debugging with valgrind
o Profiling for Performance

o Stream vs. System Calls
o Opening/Closing Streams
o Stream Input/Output Functions
o Stream Status/Errors
o Stream File Positioning
o Stream Buffering
o Temporary/Scratch Files
o Opening/Closing File Descriptors
o File Descriptor I/O
o Repositioning File Descriptors
o Stream/File Descriptor Conversions
o cat using ANSI I/O
o cat using POSIX I/O

o Introduction to Pipes
o Standard I/O: popen()/pclose()
o Using popen()/pclose()
o System Call: pipe()
o Using pipe()
o Named Pipes
o Using Named Pipes
o For Further Reading

o What Signals Are
o Blocking/Checking Signals
o Working with Signal Sets
o Example of Blocking Signals
o Handling Signals with sigaction()
o sigaction() Example
o Handling Signals with signal()
o Sending Signals

o Introducing Threaded Programming
o Applications Suited to Threads
o Building Threaded Programs
o Creating Threads
o Thread Identity
o Synchronizing by Joining
o Detaching Threads
o Stopping Threads
o Synchronizing with Mutexes
o Using Mutexes
o Read/Write Locks
o Conditional Variables
o Using Conditional Variables

o Directory Operations
o File System Operations
o Multiplexed I/O with select()
o Miscellaneous I/O Functions
o Memory Mapped I/O
o Using Memory Mapped I/O
o File Locking

o Interprocess Communication (IPC)

o POSIX IPC Overview
o POSIX Shared Memory
o POSIX Semaphores
o POSIX Message Queues
o System V IPC Overview
o System V IPC Shared Memory
o System V IPC Semaphore Arrays
o System V IPC Message Queues

● Programmer's view of hardware
● CPU
● Types of CPUs
● CPU Characteristics
● CPU Bus/Machine Cycles
● Memory
● Memory types
● CPU Memory interface
● I/O
● I/O controllers
● CPU I/O interface
● I/O methods/techniques
● Polled I/O or Programmed I/O
● Interrupt Support
● DMA Support

● Host-Target Environment
● Cross compilers
● Downloading methods
● Serial, Ethernet, Floppy, ROM
● Emulators
● Target based debugging
● Debug Monitors
● Host based source level debugging

The ARM is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by ARM Holdings. It was known as the Advanced RISC Machine. The ARM architecture is the most widely used 32-bit ISA in terms of numbers produced. The relative simplicity of ARM processors made them suitable for low power applications. This has made them dominant in the mobile and embedded electronics market, as relatively low cost, and small microprocessors and microcontrollers.
As of 2005, about 98 percent of the more than one billion mobile phones sold each year use at least one ARM processor. As of 2009, ARM processors account for approximately 90% of all embedded 32-bit RISC processors. ARM processors are used extensively in consumer electronics, including PDAs, mobile phones, digital media and music players, hand-held game consoles, calculators and computer peripherals such as hard drives and routers.
● Introduction to ARM (ARM7/ARM9)
● ARM processor architecture & Features
● ARM programming model (Instruction set and assembly language programming).

● RISC vs. CISC
● Pipelining concept
● Fundamentals of ARM
● Processor modes
● Exception Handling
● ARM versions
● Instruction Set & Addressing Modes
● ARM(32-bit) Instruction Set
● Thumb(16-bit) Instruction Set
● Pre & Post Indexed Addressing modes
● Stack Orgranization
● Memory Organization
● Mixed C and assembly programs
● System Design & Development Tools
● Case studies on ARM Controllers

After Gaining knowledge on Advanced Linux Programming you are ready to learn Device Drivers.
This is where you learn core of Linux Kernel and system programming.
● Introduction to Device Drivers
● Module Programming
● Kernel Configuration and Compilation
● Character Drivers
● Kernel Features
● Interrupts and Exceptions
● More on Modules

● Debugging
● Timers
● Synchronization techniques
● ioctl's
● The proc filesystem
● Unified Device Model and sysfs
● Memory Management and Allocation
● User and Kernel Space communication
● Sleep and Wait Queues
● Interrupt Handling
● Block Drivers
● PCI
● Direct Memory Access
● Network Drivers
● USB Drivers
● MTD
● Asynchronous I/O
● I/O Scheduling

● Introduction to Networking
● Need/Uses of Networking
● Use of Layered architecture
● OSI Protocol layers
o Physical layer functionalities
o Data link layer functionalities
o Network Layer functionalities

o Transport layer functionalities
o Presentation layer functionalities
o Session layer functionalities
o Application layer functionalities
● TCP/IP protocol layers
● Line configurations
● Network topologies
● Networking and internetworking devices
● LAN, MAN, WAN
● Typical media and Protocols used in each
● LAN Standards
● Ethernet, Token Ring, Token Bus, FDDI
● Ethernet Media (Thick, Thin, Twisted pair)
● Ethernet frame formats
● WAN Standards
● Dial-up, Leased Line
● ISDN, DSL, PPP
● ATM
● TCP/IP Stack Internals:
● Internet Addresses concepts.
● IP Address vs H/W address (unicast/broadcast/multicast).
● Subnetting/Supernetting.
● Switching
● ARP/RARP
● Internet Protocol (IP)
o IP Concepts
o ICMP
o Routing concepts
o Autonomous systems
o Routing Algorithms

o Routing protocols
o Interior/Exterior routing protocols.
o Unicast/Multicast Routing protocols
o IGMP
o User datagram Protocol (UDP)
o Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

o Socket concepts
o Socket API Interface
o Client VS Server
o Connectionless and connection oriented client-server communication.
o Socket calls for UDP/TCP server/client
o Iterative vs concurrent servers
o Iterative Connection-less servers (UDP)
o Iterative Connection-Oriented servers (TCP)
o Concurrent server implementation

o TFTP
o SMTP
o HTTP
o BOOTP
o DHCP

o Ethereal
o WireShark

● What is RTOS?
● Desktop OS vs. RTOS
● RTOS Key Characteristics
● RTOS Services
● Task Management
o Inter task Communication Methods
o Synchronization Techniques
o Interrupt handling
o Timers
o Signals and Events
o Priority Inversion/Inheritance